1. The biological characteristics of German rice onion
German rice green onions, alias Four Seasons Onion, Chives, European Shallots, are generally cultivated for two years (but can be cultivated on Long Street for three years). Plant height about 60 cm, leaf diameter 0.3cm, is a thermophilic plant, more heat-resistant and not cold-resistant, seed germination suitable temperature 17 ~ 21 °C, field growth temperature 18 ~ 23 °C. In areas with heavy frost and snow in winter, plant growth stops and they go to sleep. The spring temperature rises, that is, germination and regeneration. German rice onion is suitable for slightly acidic sandy soil or loam. Hi moisture, avoid drying, the field should always be kept moist, but taboo, in July, August and September, pay attention to drainage, or onion tube slender, yellow tip more, commodity decline.
2. Climatic soil water conditions in Longjie Township
2.1 climatic conditions
Longjie Township has a maximum altitude of 2,250 meters (dark gorge) and a minimum altitude of 1,560 meters (Xiushui River at the bottom of the tower), but there are several dam areas with dense population and large farmland, with an elevation of 1760 to 1850 meters. The average temperature is 14.7 degrees, and the frost period is 120 days (mid-November to mid-March, heavy frost period in the middle and late January, and about 10 days per year). In mid-February, the temperature rises quickly, reaching 24 degrees during the day, but in the morning There are light frosts. From mid-November to mid-December, the temperature drops slowly. Although light frost occurs in the morning, the temperature during the day is also between 16 degrees and 24 degrees. During the year, there are 10 months to adapt to the growth of the German rice onion. However, in December, the quality of the production is poor (yellow sharp), the output is low, and generally it is not harvested. Therefore, the adapted production period is 9 months. Generally, it can be harvested 8 times, and good management can be harvested 10 times.
2.2 Soil conditions
The paddy field along Longjie Township was released along the river. According to the trend of the riverbed, terraces were formed at different heights, the soil was dominated by loam soil, the Murai Street village committee had more sandy soil, and the clay was distributed at Cangtun, Longjie, Tadi, etc. But the area is not large. After years of soil testing and formula fertilization tests, the soil was slightly acidic and no saline-alkali soil was detected.
2.3 Water Conditions
Longjie is located in the dry and hot valley of the Jinsha River. The rainfall is concentrated from May to October, that is, there is plenty of rainfall in summer and autumn. The annual rainfall is 750mm-790mm, and the drought in winter and spring is clear and wet and dry. Farmland irrigation mainly depends on three small (a) type reservoirs and seven small (two) type reservoirs. The total storage volume reaches 7.306 million cubic meters, which can satisfy the irrigation of 17,000 acres of field along the river, and normal years, stone The Guan River keeps flowing and can meet the irrigation water of 4,500 mu of Koharu. It has good water conservancy conditions and is suitable for the cultivation of vegetables.
3. High-yield cultivation techniques
3.1 Seed Selection
The seeds harvested in the fall and winter of the first year should be selected. The fullness and cleanliness of the seeds should reach 97% to 98%, the purity should be above 95%, and the germination rate should be over 80%. The selected seeds should be sown in spring and summer that year in order to facilitate the cultivation of strong seedlings.
3.2 Seed processing
3.2.1 Detection of germination rate
The seed germination rate (for germination test) was determined before sowing. The germination rate was about 80% for field sowing. The seeds with poor germination potential should not be used, so as not to cause seedling emergence and affect the transplanting area in the field.
3.2.2 Soaking
The 0.2% potassium permanganate aqueous solution was soaked at room temperature for about 30 minutes to kill the pathogen attached to the seed coat and the anti-drought effect. After soaking, remove and dry the epidermis to sow.
4, nursery
4.1 Seedbed preparation
Choose sandy loam with loose soil, rich organic matter, flat terrain and convenient irrigation and drainage. Apply 3 tons of organic fertilizer per acre and 50 kg of calcium phosphate. If you choose a vegetable garden nursery, use phoxim insecticide and carbendazim (enemy Ke Song) sterilize, spray evenly on the surface of the soil, and then deep-deep fine boring, leveling to do rake, rake length 10 to 12 meters long and depending on the field block (generally no more than 10 meters), width 1.2 ~ 1.5 meters (broad face width, spring wind, is not conducive to cover arch film).
4.2 Reserves seeds
For each mu of field, about 0.25-0.3 kg of seed is needed (high seed price, 1800 yuan/kg of seed, too much waste), 25-30 m2 of seedbed is needed, and the dense onion seedlings are slender and weak, which is not conducive to the cultivation of strong seedlings.
4.3 sowing
Take seedbeds to concentrate seedlings for transplanting in Daejeon. From mid-February to early March, small seedlings are needed to cover the seedlings; the effect of preventing light frost, warming and moisturizing, covering a little soil after sowing, and more fine-grained manure cover (not prepared for screening) The crushing farmyard fertilizers will not be used, otherwise it will affect the emergence of seedlings. It can prevent soil compaction and adequate irrigation, so that the water absorption of the soil can reach full saturation. Longjie Township sowing about 60 days, onion height above 15 cm can be transplanted
4.4 Seedling Management
About 14 days after emergence, onion seedlings grow 2 cotyledons, and the first application of fertilizer can be carried out. According to the seedling bed for transplanting seedlings per acre of Daejeon, N:P:K is 15:15:15 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer. 30 kg of water to be poured, after the application of irrigated, to surface water is appropriate to promote vegetative growth and strong seedlings, or watering 10 kg of faecal water to raise the seedlings, but after fertilization should be irrigated, so as not to burn seedlings, Repeated fertilization once every 10 days, you can increase the amount of fertilizer, but the compound fertilizer does not exceed 0.2 kg, clearing water should not exceed 20 kg at a time. During the filming period, water can be poured for 5 days. After the film is peeled off, the water is poured every other day. 20 days before transplanting, take intermittent watering (about 4 days or so) to control the growth and make the pseudostems full. 8 days after sowing, take noon to prevent the high temperature burning seedlings (noon 12:00 - 5 pm release), sooner or later to close the insulation. The arch can be removed 30 days after sowing.
5, grade transplanting, reasonable close planting
5.1 Site preparation for base fertilizer
Choose fertile soil, deep soil, loose, well-drained, well-grown sandy loam, loam soil, 2-3 tons of organic fertilizer per acre, 50 kg of calcium phosphate, 15:15 for N:P:K: 15 20 kg compound fertilizer, spread evenly, plough and level.
5.2 seedling classification
Before transplanting, the onion seedlings shall be removed and the mixed seedlings, weak seedlings and diseased seedlings shall be removed, and transplanted according to the large, medium and small scales for future management.
5.3 Transplanting and Density
5.3.1 Starting from
According to the plot, the first step is to open the back ditch, the ditch is 0.25 meters deep, and then 1.5 meters from the ditch is used. The width is 1.2 meters and the height is 0.15 meters. The over width is not conducive to agricultural operations. During the drought season, the water conservation, length and direction of the pods are determined by the shape of the field. It is advisable to facilitate drainage. If the pods are more than 20 meters long, they must be excavated.
5.3.2 Transplanting density
Plant 6 rows, 20cm spacing, 20cm spacing, 16000 bundles per acre; if the soil is sandy and the soil fertility is poor, plant 6 rows, row spacing 20cm, plant spacing 15cm, 23000 bundles per acre. Each cluster contains 3 plants with 48000-69000 plants per acre.
5.3.3 Transplanting Methods
One day before transplanting, seedbeds were irrigated to facilitate seedlings and reduce root damage. When transplanted, onion seedlings were graded and transplanted with soil so that the field management was consistent with the maturity; when seedlings were planted, the depth was moderate. 3 cm, ie 1 inch or so), planted straight, planted steadily, and transplanted in two ways: one is watering at the end of transplanting; the other is planting onion after watering, and each household can choose
5.3.4 Management from the time of transplanting to the first harvest
The seeds sowed from mid-February to early March are generally transplanted from late April to early May. The rainy season has not yet arrived. After transplanting, the rooting water should be poured. After the colonization and survival, combined with irrigation, 10 kg of urea is applied per mu of field, and then 5 kg of urea is applied every 15 days in combination with irrigation. Generally, the first knife can be harvested after 4 times.
6 Daejeon Management
6.1 Irrigation
In Germany, the green onions should not be dry and the fields should be kept moist. During the production season, the soil should be filled with water every week except for the sandy soil. In the loam soil and sandy soil, every 12 irrigations should be performed except for the rainy season. Pay attention to drainage during the rainy season. After the cutting of the onion, it is generally 5 times to infuse the water once. After 7-15 days, the water is irrigated again, and it is ready to be harvested.
6.2 Fertilization
After each harvest, combine the first irrigation with the first fertilizer, and use N:P:K 15:15:15 compound fertilizer 5 kg and urea 10 kg evenly spread evenly before the irrigation.
6.3 cultivating and weeding
6.3.1 Cultivate
German rice onion is suitable for shallow cultivator, the actual situation on Long Street, generally better in February after the spring, after the cultivator combined irrigation irrigation urea 10 kg, in order to facilitate germination.
6.3.2 Weeding
Weeding is performed before each irrigation, and it is removed in a timely manner. Otherwise, it competes with onions to compete with water to affect the production of onions. It is difficult to detect mixed green onion and influence the onion's commercial nature.
7. Pest control
7.1 Major pests and diseases
Types of pests and diseases: The common rice onion pests and diseases in Longjie Township mainly include downy mildew, gray mold, thrips, and Spodoptera litura.
7.2 Principles of Prevention
Principles of prevention and control: In accordance with the principle of prevention as the mainstay and comprehensive prevention and control, adhere to the principle of “agricultural control, physical control, and biological controlâ€, comprehensively use various prevention and control measures, strictly use pesticides according to the guidelines for the use of green food pesticides, and improve the quality of rice and onion products. To ensure no pesticide residue.
7.3 Period of Prevention and Control
Timely and early prevention and control, strict management of pesticide residue period, such as the heavier disease land, it is recommended that after the onion is cut off, the pastoral cleanliness and chemical prevention and treatment should be carried out immediately. For the same disease, alternating medication, the effect is better.
7.4 Methods of Prevention and Control
7.4.1 Clean the pastoral
When the winter is not harvesting, do a good job in the pastoral cleaning work, especially after the spring, remove the remains, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases.
7.4.2 Targeted control of major pests and diseases
Gray mold sprayed with 3% gray cream l700 times.
Downy mildew can be controlled with 75% chlorothalonil 600 times solution and 70% mancozebite 600 times solution. Thrips were sprayed with azadirachtin + spirotetramat + organic amine or 1500 times with 5% pyrethrin, and also with 1.8% avermectin emulsifiable concentrate 2000 times. Spodoptera litura is treated with bitter raw materials, Bacillus thuringiensis, and vegetables and other pesticides. No matter what kinds of pests or diseases are to be prevented, we must pay attention to the problem of drug residues and products must meet the requirements of pollution-free agricultural products.
8, harvest
The first knife can be cast for about 50 to 60 days after transplanting, and then every day for about 25 days. The spring sowing seeds can be cut 8 times, and the white part of the base must not be cut during the cutting. The amount of harvest varies depending on the status of water and fertilizer management. The first time, the average output is only 400 kilograms per acre. After that, the output increases gradually. In the first year, the output per acre is 5-6 tons; in the second year, it can be harvested 10 times, and the yield per mu can reach 8- 9 tons, enter the high yield period; the third year of production decline, per mu output of about 7 tons, Long Street, the number of years did not receive more than 8 tons; the fourth year, although production (about 4 tons), but onions thin, yellow tip Due to the poor quality of the product, it is recommended that it be cultivated for only three years. Immediately after harvest, they are sold to a processing plant for processing. They cannot stay overnight and cannot be piled up to avoid heating and yellowing, which will seriously affect the onion's commercial properties, and even cause no commercial loss.
9. Daejeon’s transplanting
German rice shallots gradually increase with the number of cuttings, and the tillers are vigorous, resulting in excessive tube stalks. Therefore, it is necessary to remove part of the onion cultivars and transplant them. Long Street has been practiced for several years. It is recommended that the cultivars be removed in the middle of the third year of transplanting. Well, the output decline is not obvious, according to l: 2 transplanting, that is, 1 mu Daejeon can be transplanted 2 acres of Daejeon. After the removal, the management of water and fertilizer will be strengthened to obtain higher yields.
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