Dr. Ronald D. Vale is Professor of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). His research interests are kinesin and dynein molecular motors. He created a world record in the research community: four high-quality "Cell" papers were published as first authors within one year, and no one has broken. Together with these four articles, he published a total of 12 first author's experimental papers during his postgraduate studies. This record is probably the upper limit of modern life science students. The following is an article published in Nature Medicine after he won the Lax Award, and he will share it with you. Shiyan The following are the ten experiences that I have summarized from my own experience. I am concentrating on science, making small mistakes from time to time, and learning from my mistakes, where I will take me to science, and ultimately what I will accomplish, I almost never thought about it. 1. Find a good teacher, learn from him and develop your own style Learn from the things around you. Science and philosophy are similar in that they all deal with problems. In the process of experimentation, they need to have a personal style and cooperation with others. As a young scientist, you need to be exposed to different scientific methods, from where your senior scientists draw ideas and attitudes. This blended nutrient will eventually precipitate into the most suitable style for you, and will also give you the temperament of the person you admire. Neither worship anyone nor despise anyone. I am very fortunate because I met many unusual mentors as I grew up. They are a core group of Bruce Schnapp, Tom Reese, Mike Sheetz and Jim Spudich. I have gained a lot from their unique personality and scientific methods. However, they have one thing in common: they are very friendly and support me as a young scientist. During my graduate studies, I also met heroes who had a profound influence on me. The first one is my mentor Eric Shooter. I would like to ask, can there be several thesis supervisors to let his graduate students walk outside his subjects, or do something unrelated to laboratory work? And let him not be credited with credits? At that time, I still don't fully understand how selfless Eric is to his laboratory "family" compared to many other scientists. At MBL, I also met active old scientists Shinya Inoue and Andrew Szent-Gyorgyi. They have small but very focused laboratories (unlike most of Stanford's large laboratories) who love life and love science and don't make big concessions to either side. 2. Choose an important question Everyone is like this, willing to solve an interesting problem, and not want to touch a boring problem. However, it is not easy to identify a topic that is both important and just ripe to resolve. In addition, almost everyone will get a job in a step-by-step manner, earning a degree, finding a job, or getting funding within a specified time. This has caused most of us to spend most of our time not focusing on big problems in biology. However, if you think differently, on some important issues, you must be vigilant and think more than others, so that you can find some opportunities or entrances to solve these important problems, even if these problems are not what you are studying. Domain or your expertise. If the opportunity comes, learn to catch it (see next suggestion). Most of the time, if you can't ask an important question at the beginning, you can't make important discoveries. 3. Lead and seize the opportunity In the first two to three years of the Eric Shooter lab, I published several papers that were informative but not very outstanding, but I knew that these papers were enough to get a Ph.D. With this security, I have the time to find and start important but risky projects. The opportunity came to me along with the contact with the Sheetz/Spudich trial. The entire axonal transport project was an adventure, starting with the decision to go to Woods Hole at the last minute. Taking science as a big adventure makes the whole thing interesting, and it also makes many things that are not expected in scientific results or in your own personal career. 4. Read the literature but don't get caught up in the literature Just entering a new field, due to its long history and a large amount of literature, it is inevitable that there will be some lack of confidence. At this point you need to understand the work done by the predecessors, but it is best to avoid being trapped in a variety of previous experiments, while also avoiding thinking along the path of thinking in the existing model. It is a good thing to look at historical data from a fresh perspective. When I first came into contact with this field, there was a long history of rapid axonal transport and a large amount of relevant literature, but I found that there is very little information describing its mechanism. However, due to the Allen, Brady and Lasek video microscopy studies providing a new approach to the imaging of small vesicles in motion, this has become a key turning point. Moving on, the CV method will work through biochemistry and no longer insist on pharmacology. Previously, the insistence on pharmacology dominated the entire work. 5. It is not necessary to have a top laboratory to do the experiment. My lab is a bit old and orderly in a relatively new building at Stanford University. Tom Reese's lab in the Marine Biology Laboratory is relatively chaotic. In a small room in the basement of the Loeb building, there is only one chemical reagent player and some small equipment that is spread around the equipment room. We dissected the squid giant axons in a humid basement room that was smoked by the sea. We dubbed this small room "the cave of Neptune." But none of this has had a negative impact. Instead, the lab is refreshing compared to the well-organized but monotonous labs that are popular in modern buildings. Tom's lab has equipment that meets the current level of basic work needs - video lights and electron microscopes. But in the initial stage of kinesin purification, we didn't have a centrifuge in the building, so we had to go to the building across the road to do this step, and there was no chromatographic equipment. However, one can adapt to any environment and then make it work. This is also part of the scientific adventure. 6. Work hard, play hard, and squeeze time to wash clothes Science is not a nine-to-five job. At Wood Hole, I worked very hard. I was almost at work throughout the winter of 1984. Special moments require special efforts, and I am very happy that I spent as much time in the lab as possible at the crucial moment, witnessing the occurrence of the scientific miracle. However, in the following spring, I need to leave for a while to adjust the state, so I rode to Europe. Before I went to work at UCSF, I spent another four months playing in Nepal and Japan. It is important to make special efforts on the project at critical moments, just as you can overcome key fortresses when fighting. But at the same time, you also need to balance your life. 7. Perseverance is more important than talent If you are not born to be intelligent (such as me), you can do well in scientific experiments, of course, if you have perseverance. You are working harder! For example, for most of the summer of 1984, I was unable to complete extracorporeal axonal transport because of a series of experimental errors. Summer is almost over, and I will leave immediately to start my medical internship. At this critical point, I have not succeeded. Perhaps at this time, I should go to the beach to relax. But I did not choose this path. Before I returned to Stanford, I almost tried and tried this experiment. After a magical week, a magical night is coming. then. I canceled my return flight. 8. Failure is the mother of success As with the success of 1983-1985, all scientific perfection may not be as it is. We have made several conceptual mistakes and made technical mistakes. Fortunately, these mistakes are not fatal, they do not let us deviate from the right track too far to derail. This may be a comfort to those students whose subjects are not always moving forward smoothly; the time of confusion and doubt is indispensable for any project. At the same time, you may or may miss a lot of opportunities. At that time, we pointed out the argument that "microtubules in solution also interact to form a simple polymerized microtubule", but we have not continued to study this. Self-organization of microtubules driven by motor proteins has subsequently become an important area of ​​research. In my first grant to the National Academy of Sciences, I also thought about the purification of “storage†retrograde axonal transport (more like the ATPase called HMW), which proved to be not a wise decision. Any occupation is a combination of bad decisions and good decisions; you just need to keep the latter redundant. 9. I am afraid of changing my life plan. My life in the early 20s and early 30s was planned. After the MD-PhD project, it is most likely to go to the hospital for an internship, then work as a resident with most people, and then return to the field of science. However, the emergence of Woods Hole changed my life plan. Back to medical school? From my current point of view, the answer is of course no. But what will other people say at the time? My tutor encouraged me to continue to stick to my own subject and delay my medical internship; obviously, my mind has always been in science, and my scientific career will make me happy. Many years later, I was extremely satisfied with the impact of single-core motors on medicine. At the same time, I am also very pleased with the development of drugs for this protein. 10. Science is developing at a rapid pace: making the tide of the times It is a great feeling to be a witness to the research findings. But the bigger fun is that you are witnessing the amazing progress that science has made as a whole on the big stage of science. Scientists are very fortunate because we can stand at the forefront of the world and are witnesses to great progress. There are many forms of scientific adventure that can “hug†tiny but wonderful discoveries on any day in the lab. One day in the future, a huge surprise will finally come. Always believe that good things are about to happen. Ron Vale Ron Vale was born in Hollywood, California in 1959. 21-year-old graduated from the University of California, Santa Barbara, majoring in biology and chemistry. Later, he went to Stanford University to study Dr. Double (Ph.D. - Doctor of Medicine) and 26 years old, Ph.D. in Neurobiology. Because his graduate record is too good, he only needs a Ph.D. He was an assistant professor at the age of 27, a full professor at the age of 35, and a member of the American Academy of Sciences at the age of 42. He started publishing papers when he was 20 years old and was a non-primary author of two papers. In 1985, he was 26 years old and published five "Cell" papers, four of which were first authors. In 1985 he published five "Cell" and Reese laboratory at Sheetz, four of which he was the first author: Vale, RD, Schnapp, BJ, Sheetz, MP and Reese, TS (1985) Movement of organelles along filaments dissociated from the axoplasm of the squid giant axon. Cell 40: 449-454. Schnapp, BJ, Vale, RD, Sheetz, MP and Reese, TS (1985) Single microtubules from squid axoplasm support bidirectional movement of organelles. Cell 40: 455-462. Vale, RD, Schnapp, BJ, Reese, TS and Sheetz, MP (1985) Organelle, bead and microtubule translocations promoted by soluble factors form the squid giant axon. Cell 40: 559-569. Vale, RD, Reese, TS and Sheetz, MP (1985) Identification of a novel force generating protein, kinesin, involved in microtubule-based motility. Cell 42: 39-50. Vale, RD, Schnapp, BJ, Mitchison, T., Steuer, E., Reese, TS and Sheetz, MP (1985) Different axoplasmic proteins generate movement in opposite directions along microtubules in vitro. Cell 43: 623-632. During the postgraduate study, eight other first author research papers at the Eric Shooter lab at Stanford University: Vale, RD, DeLean, A., Lefkowitz, RJ and Stadel, JM (1982) Regulation of insulin receptors in frog erythrocytes by insulin and concanavalin A: evidence for discrete classes of insulin binding sites. Mol. Pharm. 22: 6 19- 629. Vale, RD and Shooter, EM (1983) Conversion of nerve growth factor receptor complexes to a slowly dissociating, Triton X-100 insoluble state by anti-nerve growth factor antibodies. Biochem. 22: 5022-5028. Vale, RD and Shooter, EM (1983) Epidermal growth factor receptors on PC12 cells: alteration of binding properties by lectins. J. Cell. Biochem. 22: 99-109. Vale, RD, Peterson, SW, Matiuck, NV and Fox, CF (1984) Purified plasma membranes inhibit polypeptide-induced DNA synthesis in subconfluent 3T3 cells. J. Cell Biol. 98: 1129-1132. Vale, RD, Szent-Györygi, A. and Sheetz, MP (1984) Movement of scallop myosin on Nitella actin filaments: regulation by calcium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 6775-6778. Vale, RD, Hosang, M. and Shooter, EM (1985). Sialic acid residues on NGF receptors on PC12 cells. Dev. Neurosci. 7: 55-64. Vale, RD, Ignatius, MJ and Shooter, EM (1985) Association of nerve growth factor receptors with the Triton X-100 cytoskeleton of PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. 5: 2762-2770. In 1996, he worked with Fletterick to analyze the structure of kinesin for the first time: Kull, FJ, Sablin, P., Lau, R., Fletterick, RJ and Vale, RD (1996) Crystal structure of the kinesin motor domain reveals a structural similarity to myosin. Nature 380: 550-555. In 1996, he was already a professor. He did his own experiments and first saw the kinesin single molecule movement directly: Vale, RD, Funatsu, T., Pierce, DW, Romberg, L., Harada, Y. and Yanagida, T. (1996) Direct observation of single kinesin molecules moving along microtubules by fluorescence microscopy. Nature 380: 451-453. Some of the text in this article comes from Rao Yi Bowen. Source: University Network
If
you aspire to start a commercial growing operation, we have designed the System
as a beginning package especially for you to get hands-on experience. This unit
is very well thought out, easy to assemble and operate, and includes virtually
everything you need to get started (comes with a full year of growing
supplies). In weeks, the system will be up to full speed, producing some of the
best crops you and your customers will have ever seen.
Greenhouse A Hydroponics,Hydroponic Garden,Hydroponic System JIANGSU SKYPLAN GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD , https://www.skyplantgreenhouse.com