(I. Overview Black fungus is also called fungus, light fungus, cloud ear. Classification belongs to Basidiomycetes, Tremellae, Fungus, Auricularia. There are about ten kinds in this genus, such as black fungus. Hair fungus, wrinkled fungus, felt covered fungus, horny fungus, shield fungus and so on. These kinds of fungus only light fat fungus, tender and delicious, there are mountains and treasures. The black edible fungus has a long history in China and was already known and used by the working people. It was recorded in Zhou Li, which was more than 2,100 years ago. It was recorded in the Qi Min Yao Shu by Wei Jiasi. , it is recorded that the use of edible fungus processing method of fungus. The "Tang Bencao Note" written by Su Gong and others in Tang Dynasty also recorded the tree species and methods used to produce fungus at that time. The Ming Dynasty medical scientist Li Shizhen recorded in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": "The fungus was born on the dead wood. ... [Smell] Gan Ping ... [Indications] Qi is not hungry, light and strong ... ... Duan Zhizhi ...... Leakage in the collapse, bloody blood." It can be seen that in addition to the use of fungus as a delicacy in ancient China, there has been considerable research on the medicinal properties of black fungus. According to modern scientific tests, every 100 grams of fresh black fungus contains 11 grams of water, 10.6 grams of protein, 0.2 grams of fat, 65 grams of carbohydrates, 7 grams of cellulose, and 5.8 grams of ash (in ash, including 375 milligrams of calcium, Phosphorus 201 mg, iron 180 mg); In addition, it also contains a variety of vitamins, including 0.031 mg of a provitamin (carotene), 0.7 mg of B vitamins (B10.15 mg, B20.55 mg), Vitamin 217 mg, divitamin (protopine) and liver sugar. Therefore, black fungus has rich nutrition and delicious taste. The role of black fungus drugs: suitable for moisture strong, Qingfeiyiqi; blood and blood circulation, postpartum weakness and numbness hand, foot and leg numbness embolism, at the same time, because the black fungus is a glial mushroom, the fruiting body is rich in glial, for humans The digestive system has a good smoothing effect. It can remove accumulated foods and indigestible fiber-containing foods in the stomach and stomach. At the same time, the effective substances in black fungus can be absorbed by the body and can play a role in clearing the lungs and lungs. Therefore, it is also a health food for light textile workers and mine workers. one. According to a study conducted by the University of Minnesota Medical School in the United States, regular consumption of black fungus can reduce the normal clot of human blood, and has the effect of preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. China's black fungus ranks first in the world in terms of output or quality. It is China's fist export commodity. It is sold both at home and abroad. It enjoys a high reputation in Southeast Asian countries. In recent years, it has entered the European and American markets and has a high swap value. (b) Biological characteristics of black fungus Black fungus is a kind of glial bacteria belonging to the fungus door, which is composed of two parts: mycelium and fruit body. The mycelium is colorless and transparent. It is composed of a number of tubular mycelium with transverse septae and branches. It grows in dead wood or other substrates and is a vegetative organ of black fungus. The fruiting body is produced on the surface of wood or culture material, is its reproductive organ, and is also the edible part of people. The fruiting body is like a small ring at birth, and in constant growth and development, the body stretches into a wavy shape. The abdomen is concave and smooth, with veins, the back is raised, and the edge is slightly rolled up. The whole shape resembles the human ear. Get its name. The mycelium develops into a fruiting body at a certain stage. When the fruiting body is fresh, it is gelatinous, translucent, dark brown, and elastic. After drying, it shrinks into keratin, the ventral surface is smooth and black, hard and sparse, and the back is dull in color, with short hairs, which can still be restored after absorbing water. Fruiting bodies produce spores (seeds) at maturity. The spores are colorless, transparent, sausage-shaped or kidney-like, and smooth. After they are mature and dry on the ventral surface of the ear, they spread through the airstream and propagate its offspring. Black fungus is a kind of saprophytic fungus. It does not have chlorophyll and it does not produce food itself. It depends on organic matter in other organisms as its nutrient. At the same time, it lives in rot and must live on dead organisms. Its mycelium has a strong ability to decompose the cellulose and hemicellulose in the organism and it can finally smash the organism. The spores of black fungus were germinated into hyphae under suitable conditions, or conidia were formed, and the hyphae were regenerated by the germination of conidia. As the mycelium continues to grow, branches are gradually generated, and a transverse septum is formed in the branches, developing a tubular villus mycelia, which is a mononuclear mycelium, with only one nucleus in each compartment. This mycelium formed by the single spore germination has positive and negative distinctions between different sexes. This mycelium is called a primary mycelium or a primary mycelium. After merging two apical mycelial apical cells of two different sexes to form a binuclear cell, the binucleated cells develop into a nuclear hyphae through a lock-like joint. At this time, the hyphae continue to grow and develop, and a large number of branches are produced to spread to the deep part of the organism, absorb a large amount of nutrients and moisture, prepare for further development into fruit bodies, and once the conditions are ripe, produce the seeds on the surface of the organism. The physical base. (3) The external conditions required for the growth and development of black fungus During the growth and development of black fungus, the external conditions required are mainly nutrition, temperature, moisture, light, air and pH. The factors that have a greater impact here are moisture and light. 1. Nutrition: The growth of black fungus requires nutrients mainly carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances, but also requires a small amount of inorganic salts. The mycelia of black fungus grow and develop a variety of enzymes (enzymes) in the process of growth and development. As a result, it has a strong ability to decompose firewood or culture materials. Where the mycelium spreads, it decomposes to where it passes through decomposition. To take the nutrients needed to supply the needs of the fruiting body. We use firewood for the cultivation of edible fungus, especially the cultivation of fungus from the Qinggang tree on the sunny slope. We can avoid nutrient problems because the nutrients in the trees are generally sufficient to meet the needs of growth of fungus. If you choose to use sawdust or other substitutes cultivation, to add a small amount of gypsum, sucrose and potassium diphosphate, etc., to meet the growth and development of black fungus on the nutritional needs. The nutrient points are added once and twice, referred to as "first supplementation." 2. Temperature: Black fungus is a type of temperature-type fungus, its mycelium can grow between 15 °C ~ 36 °C, but the best between 22 °C ~ 32 °C. It is suppressed below 14°C and above 38°C, but the black fungus mycelium in firewood has considerable resistance to short-term high temperature and low temperature. The fruit body of Auricularia auricula can be formed and grown between 15° C. and 32° C., but the wooden ear that stands between 22° C. and 28° C. is large, thick and of good quality. Grown meat grown above 28°C is slightly thin, yellowish in color, and of poor quality. Although the fungus grown between 15°C and 22°C is thick, dark and of good quality, the growth period is slow and affects the yield. Hyphae need to be cultured at a high temperature. The growth of fruiting bodies requires a lower temperature, referred to as "higher first and then lower". 3. Moisture: Moisture is one of the important factors for the growth and development of black fungus. The black fungus mycelium and fruit body need a lot of water in the growth and development, but the requirements of the two are different. Under the same suitable temperature, the mycelium develops and colonizes faster under low humidity, and the fruit body is high. Wet conditions develop rapidly. Therefore, at the point of seeding, the water content of the ear stick is required to be 60% to 70%, and the water content of the substitute material medium is 65%, which is favorable for the development and planting of the mycelium. The growth and development of fruiting bodies requires high moisture, but the combination of wet and dry, but also according to the temperature level, appropriate to spray, when the temperature is appropriate, the relative humidity of the cultivation field air can reach 85% to 95%, The growth and development of fruit bodies is relatively rapid. When the temperature is low, do not give too much moisture, otherwise it will cause bad ears. The mycelial phase should be dried; the fruiting bodies should be moistened. That is, "dry first and then wet." 4. Light: Black fungus is bred to live life. Light does not have much to do with mycelium, and mycelia and fruit bodies can grow in a dim light environment. However, the light can promote the formation of the primordium of the fruit body of black fungus, and ear buds can exhibit strong ears under certain direct sunlight. According to experience, when the ear field has a certain amount of direct light, the fungus that grows is thick and dark, but there is no direct light in the ear field. The fungus grows, the meat is thin, the color is light, and it lacks elasticity. It is not robust. Although black fungus has strong ability to withstand direct light, it must be given an appropriate humidity, otherwise the ear piece will shrink, dry and stop production, affecting production. Therefore, in the production management, it is best to create a kind of “flowers and sunshine†for the ear field, and to promote the rapid development and growth of the fruit body. In the dark, the hyphae can form fruit body primordial but not open. When there is a certain amount of scattered light, it opens and forms a fruit body. That is, "first dark after the Ming." 5. Oxygen: Black fungus is a kind of aerobic fungus. During the formation, growth and development of mycelia and fruit bodies, it is constantly performing oxygen-breathing and carbon-trapping (carbon dioxide) activities. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly protect the air flow in the ear (indoor) to ensure the growth and development of black fungus for oxygen. Prevent depressing environment and avoid the spread of ear and germs. Hypha growth, less aerobic, fruit body growth requires a lot of oxygen, that is, "weak after strong." 6. pH (pH): Black fungus suitable for living in a slightly acidic environment, the best PH value of 5.5-6.5. The use of ear sticks to cultivate fungus is seldom considered this factor, because the ear stick has been sun-dried and it has already formed a slightly acidic environment. However, this is a problem that cannot be overlooked in the isolation of strains, the cultivation of strains, and the cultivation of substitute materials. The output of the medium (material) must be adjusted to an appropriate level. When the material is cultivated, it is first adjusted to the appropriate alkalinity side, and natural fermentation can achieve the most suitable degree. In short, it requires "first alkali after acid." (d) Production of Black Fungus Strains In the cultivation of edible strains, we called the "parent species" from the black fungus body and the hyphae separated from the ear stick, and expanded the mother species to the sawn medium for cultivation. The resulting hyphae was called "raw." "The species" is then propagated and cultivated into cultivars for production. Production of species (cultivar) culture medium for the kind of fungus. Formula A: Branches (Green Hill Branches) 70 kg Sawdust 18 pounds Bran 10 kg Method of preparation: In addition to the branches, first soak the shoots with 70% sugar water for 12 hours, remove the wood bran and pour it in a well. Then mix the remaining 30% sucrose and gypsum with water and sprinkle it with water. In addition, the remaining production methods are the same as those of the production mother. (v) Cultivation of black fungus 1. Ear stick cultivation (1) Tree selection: There are many trees suitable for growth and development of black fungus. However, in order to adjust to local conditions, tree species rich in local resources and easy to grow long-eared fungus are used. In addition to tree species such as turpentine, essential oil, alcohol and ether, and economic trees, other tree species can be cultivated with fungus. At present, the common tree species are Quercus variabilis, Mosquitoes, Eucalyptus, Echinococcus fuliginea, Rice bran, Pterocarya stenoptera, Liquidambar formosana, Eucalyptus, Robinia pseudoacacia, Willow, Eucalyptus, Farnesia, and Pistacia chinensis. However, it is best to use cork oak and paralysis. (2) Cutting down trees: The historical custom is to “pump in nines†to cut down trees. Generally speaking, the trees can be felled before the leaves turn yellow until the new leaves germinate, because this period is the “dormancy†period of the trees, and the nutrients in the tree stems are positive. It is in a stagnant state, with less water and the most abundant and concentrated nutrients. This is called cutting down the tree. At the same time, the cut tree, bark and xylem combined tightly during this period, the bark is not easy to remove after cutting, which is conducive to the growth and development of black fungus. The felled trees were born 7 to 8 years old on the sunny slope, and were born on shady slopes or poor soils for 8 to 10 years. The thickness of the tree stems is the best at 10 cm and the length is 1 meter. One 50. The method of felling requires a low stay, 10 to 15 centimeters higher than the ground; from the two sides of the tree pole, the axe is left as a "crow's mouth", which is beneficial to the old tree bursting technique and will not be stagnant. Buds will not sprout more buds and affect tree renewal. The convulsions are advocated at the time of cutting, and brooms are not advocated. This will not only help protect the saplings, but also facilitate water and soil conservation. (3) Branching: After the tree is cut down, do not cut the branch immediately. Retaining the branches and leaves can accelerate the evaporation of the tree's moisture, prompting the tree stem to dry quickly, causing the cell tissue to die, and at the same time, facilitating the nutrient on the treetop to be concentrated on the trunk. . Wait for ten days and a half months before doing the sticking. When ticking, use a sharp machete to flatten the trunk from the bottom up and cut it into "copper coins" or "bull eyes". Do not cut too deep and damage the cortex. After the cut, it is best to use lime. To prevent the invasion of bacteria and accumulation of water, but also easy to pile on stage. (4) The interception bar: In order to facilitate the stacking, positioning, erection, management and harvesting of the ear sticks, and at the same time, it is convenient to absorb moisture when the ear sticks are put down, a long stem should be cut into 3 feet long. Short stick. When cutting, use a hand saw or a chain saw to cut the head and apply it with lime water to prevent bacteria infection. (5) racking the sun: Selenium is a good cut off the stick, the choice of terrain Gaozao, ventilation, sunny place, piled into a high about 1 meter "well" shape or "fish-shaped" pile, let it Lose water quickly. In the drying process, every 10 days or so, it is turned up and down once, to promote even drying of the ear stick, shelf drying time, according to the tree species, the thickness of the ear stick and climate conditions and other flexible control, the general shelf For 1 month to 1 month and a half of drying time, the ear can lose 3 to 40% moisture before the sun exposure. (6) Ear field selection: The place where ear racks are emitted is called the ear field. The quality of ear environment is directly related to the growth and development of black fungus and its final production. Generally speaking, it is best to choose a mountain sheltered from the wind in the south of the north. This place has a long day of sunshine and a small temperature difference between day and night. It is often covered with clouds and fog in the morning and evening, with high humidity and air circulation, which is most suitable for the growth and development of black fungus. When selecting the field, it should be close to the water source, which is conducive to artificial rainfall. The gradient should be 15 to 30 degrees, and should not be selected in the stone, chalk, or shovel soil. After the site is selected, it should be cleaned up, thinning dense trees inside the site, and cutting shrubs, thorns, and perishable weeds, leaving only a small number of tall, broad-leaved trees with small crowns or less dense foliage. In summer, it is appropriate to shade the ears. Before the cultivation, insecticides are applied to the ground, and bleaching powder, quicklime, etc. are used to disinfect once; in the winter, firewood is best used to burn the field. The ramensis, turf, and moss on the site should not be eradicated to prevent soil erosion and keep the ear wet. (7) Inoculation: Inoculation is to plant the cultivated hyphae to the ear sticks in the sun, so that it can be established in the ear sticks and grow out of fruit bodies. This is the key to artificial cultivation of black fungus. A process is a major technological innovation in production. It has quick results and high output. When vaccinating, firstly sterilize the ear field and the ear canal (use disinfectant or fire to burn it, disinfect the tools with alcohol or boiling water, wash it manually with soapy water. Select a cool place, do not let the sun shine directly on the bacteria, avoid It's raining. Inoculation time, generally from February to early May, can be carried out between autumn and winter. When inoculating, depending on the species, use different tools, such as twigs and triangular wood species; cut the mouth with axe, put the sawdust and twigs or triangular wood together into the cut, gently tighten with the axe, and do not Shedding is the principle; Sawdust, grain seeds, can be drilled with a 10 mm hand drill, drilling machine or hollow punch drilled, the bacteria into the hole, covered with a bark cover, gently tighten. The density of the seed, the general spacing of 2 inches, 2.5 to 3 inches of plant spacing, arranged in "goods" shape or staggered into a plum shape can be. The density of both ends of the ear stick is large, so that the mycelium can quickly occupy the position and prevent the invasion of bacteria. The depth of the seed is to penetrate the bark and enter the xylem for 3 to 4 points. (8) Settling on the top of the pile: on the pile, it is to maintain proper temperature and humidity, so that the mycelium will germinate, colonize, grow and develop quickly in the ear stick. This is an important step for successful vaccination. The method is: first select the site of the pile, remove the weeds, sprinkle a little insecticide or bleaching powder, dig into the soil, and then push the well-inoculated rods flat to form a "well" shape or "fish back" "You can shape it, stack it 3 feet high, and cover it with a plastic film. Surround it with soil, and sprinkle a circle of insecticide to prevent the ants from eating hyphae. The temperature in the heap should be kept between 22°C and 32°C, and the humidity should be kept between 60% and 70%. If the temperature is too high, the surrounding film can be lifted and the primary air can be lowered to lower the temperature every 10 days or so. , to carry out a turn, that is, a full turn up and down inside and outside. Keep the temperature and humidity of the inner ear rods uniform. For the first time, it is not necessary to sprinkle water on the piles, and each time you flip it, sprinkle water once. If you have the opportunity to receive rain, it is better. About a month or so can be planted. (9) Stacking and stacking: After the ear sticks are planted on the top of the pile, the hyphae have grown out of the ear sticks, so they can be piled up. The purpose of the podium is to allow the ear stick to absorb moisture, to accept the natural sunshine and rain and fresh air, change its living environment, let it quickly adapt to the natural world, prompting the mycelium to further spread within the ear stick, from the growth phase Into the development stage. The method of ostentation is to tile the ear stick on the ground, and the body should not be aerially attached to the ground. Each pitch is 2 fingers. It is best to have some slopes in the venue so as not to flood the pool with rain. Turn over the stick every 10 days or so, that is, put the original side of the stick upside down, and turn the original side upside down so that the ear sticks absorb moisture evenly and prevent wet bacteria. About 1 month old ear buds are clustered and stand upright. (10) Stand management: When the ear buds are covered with ear sticks, it shows that the growth and development of the mycelium has entered the solid phase. At this time, the external conditions of “dry and wet and wet†are needed. After the stand, it can meet its needs. , And can reduce those bacteria and pests that do not adapt to this condition. The stand method is to use a long rod as a beam, two ends with a forked tree tweezers, and then the ear bars leaning on the beam, forming a "human" shape, each rod spacing 2 inches. Each rack was calculated with 50 bars. The post-shelf management work is very important. As the saying goes, "three minutes, seven minutes," there is income and confiscation, and income is less and less, and management is more important. This shows the importance of management. Management work mainly includes removing long grass, germs, pests, regulating temperature and humidity, air and light. At noon in the summer, try to avoid strong light directly on the ears. In the winter, you should put down the earbuds to make it stick damply and keep warm. This will encourage early germination and early earing in the coming year. (11) Harvesting and drying: After the fungus grows, it must be picked and picked up carefully to ensure a bumper harvest. Ears and autumn ears must be picked to stay small, so that small ears grow up before picking, Volt to pick the size of the same, because the high temperature of FuTou, more pests, bacteria breeding, will make the mature ears eaten by the insects and rotten Drop it. Picking ear time, preferably when the ears are closed after the rain, or when the morning dew does not dry ears when the tide is soft. When harvested, they should be diluted on the sunbath and dried in the hot sun for a while. When the sun is drying, it should not be turned over so as to avoid causing fists and ears. In case of rainy weather, the first step is to take a grab-and-grab approach to level the wetted ears back to dry thatched grass or dried fungus, letting thatch or dried fungus suck in a piece of water, and move it out after sunny. dry. If the harvest cannot be achieved, the ear racks can be clamped with a plastic film, so that the already-grown fungus will not continue to rain and draught, resulting in loss of flow rods. 2. Substitute material cultivation The continuous innovation of black fungus cultivation techniques has resulted in a significant increase in yields and production, but it has also failed to meet the growing needs of foreign trade exports and people. With the promotion and development of artificial cultivation techniques, experimental research on new technologies for cultivation of fungus with surrogate materials has been further promoted. At present, the main focus is on plastic bag cultivation. The methods are as follows: (1) Production Process About 2 months after inoculation of a cultivar (plastic bag) of about 40 days (2) Selection of good strains Cultivation of black fungus strains is a result of domestication and screening of black fungus strains cultivated by Duanmu. Therefore, not all strains suitable for Duanmu cultivation strains can be cultivated as surrogate strains. The cultivar is suitable for 30 to 45 days. This cultivar has strong vitality, which can reduce bacterial contamination in the cultivation process, and can also enhance the anti-mold ability during cultivation. Generally, mycelia grow fast, stout and fast after inoculation; short production cycle, high yield, large slice, thick flesh, and deep color are used as bacteria species. (3) Cultivation season In Shaanxi and its neighboring provinces, the natural temperature can be cultivated twice a year, the spring season starts in early January, the cultivar in early February, the cultivation bag in mid-March, and the ears in April, May, and June. In the autumn of mid-August, the cultivation bag will be heard in September, November and November. 3. Cultivation method (1) Formula Many agricultural and forestry product leftovers can be used to cultivate black fungus. Here are some media formulations: 1 sawdust medium formulation Sawdust (broadleaf tree) 78% Bran (or rice bran) 20% Gypsum powder 1% White sugar 1% water About 65% 2 cotton seed shell medium formula Cottonseed hull 90% Bran (or rice bran) 8% Gypsum powder 1% White sugar 1% water About 65% 3 corn cob medium formulation Corn cob (crushed into soybean-sized pellets) 70% to 80% Sawdust (hardwood) 10% to 20% Bran (or rice bran) 8% Gypsum powder 1% White sugar 1% water About 65% 4 straw culture formula Straw (crushed or chopped fresh straw) 75% Bran (or rice bran) 15% Sawdust (hardwood) 8% Gypsum powder 1% White sugar 1% water About 65% If conditions permit, it is better to add 2% soybean powder to the above medium. (2) seasoning and bagging The above culture materials are weighed in good proportions and mixed well. The sugar is dissolved in water and injected into the culture material, and water is added to stir the mixture so that the moisture content of the culture material reaches about 65%. Or add water to the hand-grip material, there are lines of water seepage without drip for the degree, and then the material is piled up, stuffy for 30 to 60 minutes, so that the material can be eaten through the sugar water, immediately bagging. There are three kinds of bagging methods, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. It can be used according to the situation. The first method uses a plastic bag with a thickness of about 5 microns and a bag size of about 17 cm X 33 cm at the bottom. If you purchase a flat bottom bag (like a food bag), before inserting the bag, first insert the two bottom corners of the bag into the two corners, so that it can be placed on the culture shelf directly after the culture materials are loaded. on. When bagging, put the mixed material into the bag and vigorously vibrate at the smooth place while loading it, so that the culture material is dense, and the elasticity is consistent from top to bottom. At this time, the height of the culture material is about 3/5 of the bag height. The dry gauze was wiped off the residual culture material on the upper part of the bag, and the plastic neck set (internal diameter 34 cm, height 3 cm) was used to turn the plastic bag downwards, and it was fastened with a rubber band, shaped like a glass bottle mouth, and the tampon was plugged. . In the second method, a simple polypropylene plastic bag with a diameter of 13 cm was used, and the length was cut to 35 cm. One end was fastened with a cotton thread, and the film was burnt and melted with a candle flame or an alcohol lamp flame to seal the bag mouth. Put the culture material into the bag from one end of the opening, vibrate on the pile while loading it, or compact it with your fingers, and wait until it is 5 cm away from the mouth of the bag. Then knead the remaining plastic bags together and use a cotton thread. Tightly, the film is melted and sealed under the flame of a candle or alcohol lamp. Press the bag into a flat shape by hand on a smooth tabletop. Then use a hole punch with a diameter of 2 cm. On one side of the bag, drill a hole 2 cm in diameter and 1.5 cm deep at 10 cm intervals. Use scissors to cut the prepared medicinal tape into 3 to 4 cm square pieces; stick it on the hole. To facilitate handling at the time of inoculation, one corner of the tape is rolled into a double layer. The third method is to use a commercial polypropylene plastic bag with a diameter of 13 cm. One end is tied with a string, and the culture material is put into the bag from the other end and the material is compacted by hand. The material is loaded to the bag mouth 5 At centimeters, gather the rest of the plastic bags, tie them with cords, and inoculate them from both ends. It should be noted that no matter which bagging method is used, it must be done on the same day. 4. Sterilization and inoculation The packed bag is sterilized in an autoclave and kept at a pressure of 15 kg/cm2 for 1.5 to 2 hours. When the pressure gauge drops to zero, the bag is removed hot and immediately placed in the inoculation box or Inoculation room. If sterilized with normal pressure sterilization stove, keep 6 to 8 hours, until the bag temperature drops to 30 °C, or fumigation with potassium permanganate and formaldehyde for 30 to 40 minutes, inoculation or inoculation room disinfection. When inoculating, it should be noted that continuous inoculation should not take too long to prevent the temperature inside the box being too high (more than 40°C); more inoculum can shorten the time for the mycelium to cover the surface and reduce the chance of bacterial infection. As already mentioned, black fungus is resistant to mold, especially Trichoderma, so sterilization must be thorough. Inoculation must be performed aseptically to increase the yield. 5. Mycelial culture In the whole process of mycelium culture, it is necessary to create conditions for the robust growth of mycelia and control the formation of random rods in the fruit bodies of black fungus. Among the conditions, temperature is the most important factor. The optimum temperature in the culturing chamber is 22°C to 25°C. Since the culture temperature in the bag is often higher than the room temperature of 2°C to 3°C, the temperature of the culturing chamber should not exceed 25°C. When the temperature is more than 25°C, yellow water will appear in the bag, the water color will be darkened, and it will become thin and sticky. The production of bacterium easily promotes fungal infection. The relative humidity of the culturing chamber is 50% to 70%. If the humidity is too low, the moisture loss of the culture material is large, and the culture material is dried, which is unfavorable to the growth of the hyphae, and the relative humidity is more than 70%. The tampon may grow bacteria. Light can induce the kinks of the mycelium to form a primordium. In order to control the formation of no fruit body primordial in the culture mycelial phase, the culture chamber should be kept in dark or very weak light intensity. Sprinkle some quicklime around the culture room to make it alkaline and reduce the chance of mold reproduction. When the cultivation bag is cultured on the ground or cultured on the ground, hyphae should not be turned. Because the volume of the plastic bag is not fixed, the volume of the hand-kneaded part is changed and the air is pushed out of the bag. When the hand is removed, the volume is restored and a small amount of air enters the bag. This makes it possible to enter the spores. In addition, in the place where the hand touches the wall of the bag, the pressure of the plastic bag and the culture material is increased, and the sharper culture material (sawdust and cottonseed) will penetrate into the small hole that is invisible to the naked eye. As a result, it will increase the infection rate. Therefore, in the cultivation process as little as possible, in the inspection of bacteria, be sure to take care, and found that bacteria should be promptly removed, placed in another place where the temperature is lower; continue to observe. If the degree of pollution is relatively light, formaldehyde solution can be injected into the bacteria, and the needle eye can be attached with a small piece of tape to control the spread of the bacteria. 6. Open hole When the black fungus mycelia grows, the bacteria bags can be moved from the culturing chamber to the culture room, the tampon and the plastic neck sleeve are removed, the bag mouth is tied with a rope, or the adhesive tape is peeled off; two pots are prepared to be 5% Lime water, first dip the bag in a basin and remove it. With the blade around the bag, the distance between the two holes is 5 to 6 centimeters, and the length is l to 1.5 centimeters. When the depth is 0.3 centimeters deep, the material can be opened on one side of the bag. The hole-opening bacteria bag is soaked in the lime water in the other pot, so that the hole is in an alkaline environment, which can effectively prevent the damage of the bacteria. 7. Ear period management The fungus bag after opening the hole can be laid flat on the bed frame of the cultivation room, or it can be hung on the seedling bed frame or under the branch of the forest, or it can be placed on the wet sand ground, and then the black fungus can be created to form the fruit body. Primordial condition. First of all, to increase the relative humidity of the cultivation environment of 90% to 95%, room temperature as much as possible controlled at 20 °C ~ 25 °C, good ventilation and strong scattering of light is also an essential condition for the formation of black fungus primordium. The opening of the mycelium in the hole can get more light, air and humidity, which effectively promotes the formation of fruit bodies here. Therefore, the black fungus was cultivated in a hole, and the fruit bodies were formed at the opening or at the rupture of the plastic bag. This is the so-called "directional ear". Under suitable conditions of temperature, humidity, ventilation and light, a hole is opened for 7 to 12 days. The naked eye can see that there are many small black spots in the hole; gradually grow up, and become a ear bud (a young fruit body). . This requires more moisture, a temperature of 15°C to 25°C, strong light scattering and good ventilation. If you meet with rainy weather, you can hang the cultivation bag that has ear buds under the open air. The temperature, humidity, light, and air can all be satisfied. Ear buds will develop faster. At this time, if there is contamination with green mold and Trichoderma reesei at the base of the ear or on the young ear, the bacteria bag can be washed under the faucet and the bacteria can be washed out, but do not flush the fruiting body. Under appropriate environmental conditions, about 10 to 15 days after the ear buds have formed, the ears are flat and the fruiting bodies are ready to harvest. 8. Harvesting and processing The mature standard of black fungus is to fully expand the ear, begin to close the edge, the base of the ear becomes thinner, and when the color changes from black to brown, it can be picked. Requires diligence, meticulousness, and large-scale retention, not to make ears runny. Mature ears remain on the bag and are prone to pests or ear infections. When harvesting, flatten the wall with a knife. The harvested fungus should be dried or dried in time. Baking temperature does not exceed 50 °C, the temperature is too high, the fungus will be bonded into a block, affecting the quality of dried fungus, timely packaging and storage to prevent mildew or moth. After harvesting the fungus bag, stop direct water spray for four or five days, let the mycelium accumulate nutrients, after about 10 days; the second ear bud formation, repeat the above management, but also harvest two. (6) Prevention of diseases and the prevention of bacterial contamination The current cultivation of black fungus; the most prominent problem is that there are many rods, fungi, pests and more fungus, cultivating bacteria and the cultivation of pollution, and often cause undue loss of production. First of all, we must find out the reasons, prevent them, and reduce losses. The major causes of miscellaneous bacteria in the ear are the ear field, ear sticks and the use of tools that do not sterilize properly, the poor ventilation of the ear field, and the prolonged periods of depressed air. The fungus of fungus is mainly due to the incomplete elimination of eggs during the winter and the prevention of spring and summer. The problem of contamination caused by bacteriostatic and substitute cultivation is mainly caused by isolated specimen carriers, incomplete disinfection of the culture medium, poor disinfection of the introduction chamber and the tools used, or inadvertent introduction of bacteria and bacteria in the introduction chamber and box. Contamination of the original species and the mother species, operator's hands and uniforms, and caps that are not properly disinfected, etc., can cause pollution and result in loss of production. Therefore, all staff members are required to first attach importance to ideological considerations. The ring should be well sterilized and disinfected, and all operating procedures must be strictly enforced. There must be no slightest negligence. The names of some common pests and germs and preliminary prevention and control measures are introduced below for reference. 1. Harmful bacteria that damage the rod Black sorghum (ringing charcoal group): It is dark brown granules. It is most prone to occur in high temperature and humidity shaded areas. It forms a piece for a long time. The carbonaceous material secreted by itself is hard, making the forming layer under the bark black and unable to absorb. Moisture, which has become a core, not only does not stick fungus, and even other bacteria are not long, it is the greatest harm to the ear stick. Chlamydophila: There are several kinds, a kind of Phnom Penh moth. It is attached to the ear stick. It is rolled up like a cocoon. The infertility surface that is attached to the wood is gray-red, the surface is black, and some are like dry black. Fungus. The other is called leather hoop, which has two kinds of black and white, black shell color, white bamboo shoot color, all close to the ear stick, the edge is not curled up, resembling a plaster, sometimes full of sticks, Cause woody decay, no longer fungus. In the wet or even rainy days, it is particularly prone to happen. There is also a wrinkled leather, small chrysanthemum-like, Yang Sheng, white, thin as paper, sub-solid layer radial, wrinkled or ridged, this lighter harm. Porous bacteria: a kind of red fungus, bright red dates, sessile half moon shape, lateral to the ear stick, it secretes a dark brown pigment, can cause woody-like decay, and this kind of fungus is no longer fungus. The other is called white fungus, pale white cream color, resembling bacteria, but the body is relatively large, is a large number of overlapping clouds, a large number of depletion ear stick nutrient, so that the early decay of the ear stick, affecting the yield of fungus. At the same time, this bacterium loves worms. The worms it feeds also feed on the rods. There are other larger Boletus species, Bacillus albus, Trichomonas, Yellow bacteria (Butterfly), Prunus versicolor, Penicillium gentiana, etc. These bacteria are less harmful to the ear sticks, but are most likely to occur in depressed environments. The prevention and control measures, first of all, should be selected in the ventilation of the ear field, to do a good job in the cleanliness of the ear; on the field near the decaying branches of weeds and rods with all kinds of bacteria are burned, and the use of insecticide between the convulsions and the Ching Ming Drugs and bactericidal drugs are sprayed on the ear; when the ear sticks are seeded, the epidermis is strictly sterilized, and proper close planting is implemented to shorten the production cycle and abolish the stop period. 2. Harmful common pests of fungus Red nematodes: the body shape is similar to the thin line, red color, body length of about 1 cm, and more from the ear root drilled into the ear tablets foraging, the surface is not easy to find. The inside of the ear that had been foraging became empty and irregular holes appeared on the surface. Cracked ears are easily festered. Unable to eat. The damage is greater. Fish and Insects: It looks like a small fish and its color is like shrimp; it is about 1 to 2 cm in length. It is a larva of the beetle, which is resident in the ear and feeds it from the inside of the ear. It also eats the ear roots, and the roots that are foraging are no longer long fungus. This worm not only eats in the ear, but also feeds into the warehouse and continues to feed. The food is large and the feces are dark brown velvet. Shellworm: There are many kinds of shell insects, but black worms, shell insects, and snails are harmful to the fungus. These kinds of worms crawl on the ears and feed on them, such as eating mulberry leaves, affecting the growth and development of fungus. Seriously, the whole piece of edible fungus will be consumed, resulting in reduced production. Other pests include rice tussocks, mimetic gorillas, pine cysts, cockroach insects, collembola, cockroaches, and protozoon bugs, as well as sterilizers found in the ear base. In addition, there are termites that lick their ears. 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