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(1) The seed production technology of C. yunnanensis is briefly shown as follows: 2N cell engineering technology 4N (gene library fish) 2N (Japanese white pheasant) paternal sexual hybrid female parent 3N (Xiangyunjing) Xiang Yun Yun has its own infertility, fast growth, wide appetite, strong disease resistance, low oxygen tolerance and low temperature, easy to catch and other good traits, and meat tender, delicious meat, suitable for fishing. The fish is suitable for breeding in ponds, lakes, reservoirs, rice fields and cages. Under general pond conditions, polyculture can produce 60 to 100 kilograms per mu, and single raises can produce 500 to 800 kilograms per mu. Net cages can produce 50 to 90 kilograms per square meter.
(II) Biological characteristics Xiangyunjing is a complete carp body type. Detection of LDH and EST isoenzymes and mtDNA analysis showed that Xiangyun plutonium is more likely to be maternally inherited, but it also has Xiangjiang wild carp, warp carp, Xiangyu, and four. The gene expression of fish such as ploidy fish is different from that of common squid:
1. The difference in appearance between Xiangyun and other squid is similar to that of ordinary white mullet, but its shape is better than other species. Because of infertility, the proportion of gonads is small, so the viscera is small, the abdomen is smaller than other squid, the back muscles are thick, and the body shape is also It is more "slim" than other carp varieties. The scales on the back of the carassius auratus are often cluttered (this is rarely observed in other carps), and the scales on the sidelines are generally in the range of 30 to 32 pieces.
2. The development of gonads is not normal, and they cannot reproduce the carp as a triploid carp. They cannot breed offspring and do not have sex chase. Therefore, they can be stocked in any cultured waters, and will not cause miscellaneous salmon carp species resources to mix. Overproduction will result in a decline in the quality of commercial fish.
3. G. yunnanensis grows fast and its growth is not limited by sexual maturity. Common carp species have an effect on their growth rate due to their early maturation, limiting individual growth. Not only does T. yunnanensis have obvious advantages in hybrid growth, but due to sexual sterility, the nutrient intake is completely used for growth, and the individual's growth will not be limited by sexual maturity. According to the same-chamber control growth test, the growth rate of C. yunnanensis was more than 1 times that of the female parent (Japanese white cockroach), which was 3 to 5 times that of the common carp, and the maximum growth weight of the fries was 0.5 kg. Spring fish cultured individual individuals up to 0.5 to 1 kg, the largest individual up to 1.5 kg.
4. The hybrid superiority of Xiangyunjing is also reflected in its strong resistance to natural and harsh environments, mainly in the following aspects:
(1) Strong disease resistance, wide adaptation range, and promotion in many years. It has been cultivated in 20 provinces and cities in China and can adapt to the local environment. There have been no reports of major losses caused by infectious diseases.
(2) Strong resistance to hypoxia Strong growth can still be achieved in environments with high stocking densities and small bodies of water (eg 200 cages per square metre, stocking up to 57 kg/m2). When the "pan-pool" anoxic occurred in the pond culture, the four major fishes such as grass carp, squid, and squid all had different degrees of death, while the Xiangyun cricket rarely died.
(3) Good low-temperature-resistance performance In Hunan, it can be eaten all year round. When the water temperature is 10°C (all four fishes have stopped feeding), they can still feed and grow.
5. Wide appetite and low feed coefficient. Carassius auratus is not only widely edible and resistant to crude baits, but also maintains the characteristics of the part of plankton which can be eaten by the female Japanese white peony. In addition, the feed nutrients are completely used for growth. Therefore, the feed utilization rate is higher than that of other catfish.
6. The easy-harvesting of the Xiangyun Mountain, which is cultivated in ponds, does not “drill mudâ€, and the net catch rate can reach 80%. Unlike the common carp, it needs to be “dry pondâ€.
7. Good quality Xiangyun wolfberry meat is delicate, meat taste delicious to maintain the flavor of squid, while less fine thorns, less viscera, edible parts, and individuals large, high glutamate in muscle, than the average carp taste good, deep Popular with consumers.
(three) seed cultivation
1. Although the summer flowering cultivation of C. yunnanensis has obvious advantages in hybridization, the summer flowering stage happens to be at the low temperature and rainy weather, and the climate is poor from April to early May. Therefore, it has brought great difficulties to seed production. In addition to strictly following the normal cultivation procedures, special attention should be paid to the following points:
(1) Strictly sterilize the seedling ponds of the Xiangyun Lake, which is to be sterilized and restocked. The ponds must be completely disinfected to remove the wild fish and predators, and then the influent water must be strictly filtered to prevent new enemies from entering. Because the temperature is low, the growth rate of fish fry is relatively slow, while the wild fish and predator creatures multiply quickly, and a small number of miscellaneous fish that escape the net, such as the head fish, wild squid, and grass and shrimp, rapidly breed, and will seriously threaten Xiangyun. The survival rate of seedlings, when serious, often leads to “the whole army’s destructionâ€. At the same time, in cold weather, the medicinal properties of the clear ponds disappeared slowly, and the toxicity of the pool water must also be carefully checked before going down.
(2) Sticking to fish nursery ponds Due to its strong tolerance to hypoxia, pre-fertilization of a pool of “good water†has a significant effect on improving the survival rate of summer flowers, avoiding the lower pools of fish due to low temperature, rain, and plankton breeding. Slowly, we cannot allow the disadvantages of full feeding by Xiangyun. Water quality fertilization should pay attention to “fat and cool†to prevent the emergence of “old water†and “white water†where a large number of large apes are breeding.
(3) Single-cultivation is the mainstay, and the density is suitable for the summer flowering of C. yunnanensis and other seedlings. The stocking density should not be dense, and 8 to 100,000 seedlings per 1 mu can be stocked. It is best to be thin, and it is advisable to enter 4 to 60,000 tails per acre. About 15 centimeters of summer flowers can be bred in about 15 days, and then the pool can be used to cultivate the four major fish summer flowers, which can increase the utilization rate of the seedling pool. If there are special circumstances, the stocking density must be increased, and the pooling should be done in time after 8 to 10 days.
(4) Timely supplementation of concentrates The plankton was used as a bait in the early stage of the seedlings of Xiangyun, so it is sufficient to maintain the color as long as it is fertilized. After 8 to 12 days in the lower pool, the fry begin to differentiate. When the fry begins to “sweepâ€, it is necessary to supplement rice bran, vegetable flour and other fine ingredients in time. If fish fry are found swimming along the edge of the pool, it is a lack of concentrate. , should put more concentrated material along the pool, otherwise it will seriously affect the survival rate.
As long as attention is paid to the characteristics of Xiangyun seedlings, careful management will not occur during the summer flowering period, and the survival rate can reach over 80%.
2. In addition to the direct use of fingerlings for the cultivation of fingerlings to grow adult fish, it is generally necessary to cultivate 40 to 50 grams of seedlings from the summer flowers of the genus Xiangyun and cultivate it as adult fish in the winter or the coming spring. This can make full use of Growth is not affected by sexual maturity. There are several ways to cultivate fish species.
(1) The single-cultivation Xiangyunjing single-cultivation pond should not exceed 15 mu, the water depth is in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 meters, and drainage and irrigation are convenient. Before the stocking, we must strictly sterilize the clear ponds. The stocking rate depends on the condition of the ponds. Each pond should be placed in 6,000 to 10,000 tails. It can be used with 1,000 catfish or squid, or 200 spring cats, depending on the situation. Fish species. In addition to regular and quantitative feeding of feed every day, it is necessary to constantly add new water, so that the oxygen content of the pool water in a normal state (4 ~ 6 mg / l), and pay attention to prevent the escape of fish species (Xiangyunjing reverse water habits). After 6 months of breeding, up to 40 ~ 60 g / tail specifications, the general output per acre up to 300 ~ 350 kg, a pond with good management conditions up to 500 kg.
(2) Mixed polyculture ponds in spring, as long as they do not breed other varieties of squid, they can be mixed with Xiangyun wolfberry summer flowers. Generally, 300 to 500 fishes are stocked per acre. In addition to feeding according to conventional breeding methods, in the fall and winter season, appropriate supplements should be added to meet the needs of the feed of Xiangyun. Each acre can produce 50 to 70 kilograms of carassius amurensis.
(3) In the case of a large number of cages needing Xiangyunjingchun tablets and lack of fish ponds, the cage culture uses the characteristics of Xiangyun beard's filter-feeding performance, resistance to disease, and the characteristics of suitable commercial feeds to develop cage culture. The effect is good. Net cages should be placed in large water surfaces such as eutrophic, microfluidic, sheltered and sunny banks of Kuwan and Hutuo, and mesh sizes must be matched with fish species specifications. Every day stick feed and clear box, pay attention to prevent parasitic diseases. Per square meter stocking 400 to 500 summer flowers (inch), 4 to 6 months up to 40 to 60 grams of fish species, the survival rate of up to 90%. At the same time, the use of cages for rearing adult fish of C. sichuanensis is also better than raising grass carp or other carp. Generally, about 28 square meters of cages put 3 000 or so 50-g size fish species, cultured for 6 months, up to 400-600 grams of specifications of adult fish. The net profit of each cage is up to 4,000 yuan, and it is easy to manage.
(d) adult fish breeding technology
1. The breeding of Xiangyunjing in Beijing suburbs In 1998, adult fish breeding trials were conducted in four fisheries in the suburbs of Tongzhou, Pinggu and Haidian districts in Beijing. From May 10 to May 20, 1998, 153,000 summer flowers were collected from Xiangyunjing Changsha pilot base in Hunan Province Science and Technology Commission, Xiangyun County, Changsha. The pond was released in mid-October. Adult fish test area of ​​26.7 mu, a total output of 13 435 kg, an average yield of 503 kg per mu, including 440 kg of Xiangyun wolfberry, 63 kg of white peony, the survival rate of Xiangyun wolfberry is 93.6%, the average size of 193 g/tail, the bait coefficient For 1.28, the input-output ratio is 1:1.26. Through the breeding experiments in 1998, Xiangyunjing has the following characteristics:
(1) Growth advantage Obviously, C. yunnanensis has a rapid growth rate, which is more than 1.5 times faster than common carp.
(2) Low feed coefficient The bait coefficient during the breeding period averages 1.2 to 1.5.
(3) High disease resistance and low oxygen tolerance During the cultivation period, no significant fish disease was found in any of the participating units. For example, the stocking density of Liangjiadian Fishery in Haidian District reached 8,600 fish/mu, no fish disease occurred, and only a few days of aerator in the high temperature season, indicating that the fish had strong resistance to hypoxia.
(4) Low-temperature tolerance According to the breeding laws of Beijing, the common squid and squid farming have stopped eating in mid-October. However, the fish can still feed in the lower temperature in late October, prolonging the growth period.
2. Several issues should be paid attention to in the breeding process of Xiangyun wolfberry (1) Intensive intensive cultivation of Xiangyun wolfberry is beneficial to intensive culture, but attention should be paid to the proportion of squid and squid.
Generally 250 to 300 sets of white mussels, calyx 25 to 30, the ratio of white to calyx is basically controlled at 10:1. In the breeding process should not be matched with grass, quail and other strong ability to catch fish, so as not to affect the main fish feeding and growth.
(2) The feeding habits of C. yunnanensis, such as fast food catching, large area and short time, can be appropriately increased and the feeding area can be increased every day. In the hot season, 5 to 6 times a day, depending on the water temperature and the weather conditions, the conditional fishing grounds can be fed by automatic feeders to increase the feeding area.
(3) Strengthen the feeding management in the early stage of stocking The C. yunnanensis has a strong cluster feeding capacity. The key to this habit of eating lies in the domestication work within one month after the seedlings are laid, and the method of first gathering and then dividing the pond should be followed. For example, the Haijia District Liangjiadian Fish Farm has a total of 60,000 rearing summer flower seedlings, first placed in a 5 acre pond and fed with crushed material. When it grows to 25 g per tail, the density will decrease but it will not affect the density. C. cinerea cluster feeding.
(4) Density of stocking According to reports from all breeding units, the smaller the density of the adult fish in the adult fish breeding, the slower it will catch the food. Therefore, it is advisable that the stocking density of the adult fish is 3000 to 3500 per mu.
Xiang Yunkai is a triploid carp that was successfully developed by a combination of cell engineering technology and sexual hybridization in collaboration with Professor Liu Wei of the Department of Biology of Hunan Normal University and Dongying Fishery Yard in Xiangyin. Its parent is four. The ploidy fish is referred to as "gene library fish" and the mother is Japanese white plover. As a high-tech product of bio-engineering, Xiangyun's theoretical significance and application value are at a leading position both at home and abroad.