Litter is crucial for growing pigs on a fermentation bed. The litter used in the fermentation bed must have two characteristics: first, the carbon-nitrogen ratio should be large; second, physical characteristics, ie, better water absorption and air permeability. First, the main ingredients of litter Sawdust, rice hulls, bark sawdust, comminuted straw, etc. account for 90%, and the remaining 10% is soil and a small amount of coarse salt. It is required to use clean soil without using fertilizers and pesticides. The amount of salt used is 0.3% of the total material. In addition, use 2 to 5 kg of probiotic liquid per ton of padding. The total thickness of litter in a typical pig house is about 80 centimeters, which is thicker in winter and thinner in summer. The minimum thickness of litter should not be less than 45 cm, and the volume of single fermentation mattress should not be less than 10 cubic meters. Second, litter production process 1. Broken and crushed. The particle size is generally controlled at 5 to 50 mm. For woody materials such as branches, in addition to crushing, they should be crushed in order to avoid mechanical scratches on pigs that are too coarse. 2. Material mixing. The selected litter is fully stirred in the fermentation tank, and then stirred with water. Moisture should be adjusted to 50% to 60%. It is advisable to use the hand to see the water but not dripping, and then carry out heaping fermentation. Water can be used in clean natural water bodies such as rivers and ponds, but it should be determined that it has not been contaminated by pathogenic bacteria or chemicals. Sprinkle water manually or with a blender. Third, the new mat material fermentation technology Filling the mixed litter in the litter pool needs to be fermented and matured, ie fermented. 1. Tiled fermented method. Layered mats will be prepared and the upper layer is well-mixed, and then pressed and leveled appropriately to cover the cover of a layer of plastic film or sacks. Generally 5 to 7 days in summer and 10 to 15 days in winter, fermented aromas and vapors are ripe for fermentation. Remove the mulching film after mature 24 hours into the pig. 2. Stacked fermented method. This method is convenient for mechanical operation and centralized management. The mat material mixed with the bacteria species is piled into a trapezoidal structure, and in the winter, a material with good air permeability, such as sacks, should be covered to raise the temperature and achieve the heat preservation effect. The leavening temperature of the litter generally follows the temperature profile of the litter fermentation process. After the temperature drops steadily, the open litter has a refreshing acid odor, indicating that the litter has been fermented successfully, and the litter can be laid according to the height requirements. The normal fermentation process is generally on the second day of fermentation, the litter temperature can rise to 40 ~ 50 °C, 4 ~ 7 days maximum litter temperature of up to 70 °C, after gradually cooling down to about 45 °C equilibrium temperature. This indicates that the litter has matured. It usually takes about 10 days in summer and 15 days in winter. Fourth, daily maintenance of litter 1. Litter moisture management. The moisture content of the litter should be maintained at 37%-45%. If the moisture content is too high, the cause should be found and promptly repaired. At the same time, the number of manual turnovers should be increased. If the moisture content is too low, humidifying spray should be used to make up for water in time. 2. Excreta management. Live pigs have the habit of collecting excreted urine at a fixed point. In the natural state, the feces of the fermentation bed is unevenly distributed, the humidity of the place where the excreta is concentrated is high, and the decomposition rate is slow. Only excreta and litter can be mixed evenly to ensure that excreta is completely decomposed in a relatively short period of time. Nursery pigs usually undergo artificial excrementation of urine for 2 to 3 days, and large and medium pigs should take 1 to 2 days. 3. Drip permeability management. The trampling of pigs, the decomposition of material particles and other factors will make the litter particles finer and denser, and the permeability and decomposing rate of excreta will decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to manually manually and occasionally flip litter. Under normal circumstances, nursery pigs turn 10-20 cm, and rearing pigs turn 20-30 cm. After a batch of pigs are slaughtered, the degradative layer needs to be completely inverted. Fifth, the use of bacteria Spray the fungus evenly on the material according to the instructions, and mix thoroughly before filling. Later, when the fermentation bed exhibits odor or odor, it can be combined with supplementary moisture to spray the inoculant, but animal feed should be turned over to ensure that the inoculum is evenly distributed on the surface of the litter. Six, litter quality standards Whether or not the litters produced by high-temperature composting meet the requirements for pig breeding in the fermentation bed can usually be judged by the following quantitative and qualitative criteria: (1) The ratio of carbon to nitrogen is 30:1 to 70:1; (2) The number of fecal coliforms is 100/g or less; (3) Ascaris eggs mortality rate above 98%; (4) pH value around 7.5; (5) material particle size between 5 and 50 mm; (6) Loose material structure, holding loose material Not sticky after opening; (7) No offensive odor or other odor. KOKEN Co., Ltd , https://www.hnb-maker.com