(1) Field identification and greenhouse identification

Field identification: identification methods under natural conditions. For areas where the disease is common, multi-year joint identification was conducted. The identification includes disease resistance and disease resistance genes, isolation area identification, special disease nurseries, induced planting of susceptible materials, and planting of susceptible varieties at equal distances. Airborne diseases were inoculated with smear, powder (liquid), and spore suspension; seedlings were inoculated with spores and insects; invasive wounds were cut with leaves and acupunctured; insects were inoculated with poisonous insects; physiological races were differentiated. Mixed inoculations were used; individual races were inoculated with conidia.

Greenhouse inoculation: artificially created conditions (temperature, light, humidity). Helps control specific races and prevents the spread of dangerous pathogens.

(2) Identification of adult plants and identification of seedling stage

(3) In vitro identification

Partial shoots, leaves, and tillers were used to identify disease resistance mechanisms at the tissues, cells, and molecules.

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