There are many types of subterranean pests, and more than 10 species and more than 200 species have been found in our country. For example, crickets, crickets, ground tigers, golden worms, root locusts, root locusts, quasi-parasites, grasshoppers, root-leaf pheasants, and roots. Cows, root weevils and termites. Among them, the four types of underground pests are the most common, with the greatest damage. Below, we will mainly introduce these four types of underground pests and their integrated control technologies. 1, 蛴螬 Thistle, commonly known as white silkworm or white soil silkworm. It is no stranger to most farmers' friends, because we will see it every year when we turn to the ground. This is the beetle, commonly known as the chestnut worm. Don't look at it. The two do not have anything in common, but it is indeed its larvae. I didn't expect it to belong to the Coleoptera Scarab family. 1.1 Type There are many types of beetles. Black-capped beetles, black-winged beetles and golden-green beetles are common in China. Black-billed beetles are mainly found in the northern regions, and black-winged beetles and beetles are found throughout the country. 1.2 Morphological characteristics Different species of crickets, their morphological characteristics are basically the same, body color white or yellow-white, body fat, close to cylindrical, and soft and wrinkled. Sparse tan hairs on the body surface. The head is very eye-catching, yellow-brown, large and round. There are 3 pairs of boobs on the chest and bristles on the buttock. Different species can be distinguished by the number of bristles. Adult beetles, the morphology of the different species is also very similar, but the difference in size and color is larger. Distinguish them, let us come to understand their life habits. 1.3 Living habits Larvae crickets, like warm, moist loam, have preference for unfamiliar manure odor, will be immobilized in the event of disturbance, bent into a C-type, usually in the ground during the day, 8 pm at 9 pm on the soil surface activity. The suitable temperature range for the activity is between 5-23 degrees Celsius. When the local surface temperature is less than 5 degrees Celsius or more than 23 degrees Celsius, the temperature will shift to the depths of the soil in winter, and will be protected against the cold in winter and summer. The adult beetle has a clustering, phototaxis, and suspended animation. During the day, it moves on the surface of the earth and is immersed in the soil 10 cm below the surface in the evening. 1.4 The law of occurrence From the adult, egg, larvae, toads to a new generation, the black-billed beetle takes two years, and the black-winged beetle and the beetle have a year. All kinds of golden tortoises are larvae or adults, wintering in the soil about 30-60 cm below the frozen soil layer. Below, let's take a look at the process of their generation. If larvae live through the winter, in April of each year, the winter larvae are moved to the plough and begin to eat. By the end of May to early June, the earthworms began to phlegm at a depth of 5 cm, and the flood season was 20-22 days. In early June and early July, adult eclosion was observed. The adult's life span was only 26 days. After unearthing, it was copulated and the eggs were laid in the shallow layer of 10-20 cm. After 10-12 days, the eggs hatched into larvae. The newly hatched larvae passed three times of molting in the soil and reached the age of 3rd instar by the end of winter in late October. They dive deep into the soil and overwintered below the permafrost. So how does it happen if it gets overwintering? In the April-June period of each year, overwintering adults are gradually unearthed, copulated, spawned, and hatched. In one-year-generation areas, eclosion is adultated in August-October and adults are overwintered; in two-year-generation areas, larvae The rate of growth and development is relatively slow, when the third-instar larvae were overwintering, and from June to July in the second year, they became adults and began a new life cycle. 1.5 hazard characteristics In 1 to 2 years of age, the amount of food is relatively small and the damage is not great. After the third instar, the food intake is greatly increased. The seed buds are often bitten off and the roots and stems of the seedlings are snapped off, resulting in the lack of seedlings. Usually the hazards are mostly concentrated in the spring and autumn, and in April and May of spring, the seeds are in the stage of germination and emergence, the seedlings are small and the insect resistance is weak, resulting in the most serious damage. Adult chafers like to eat leaves, petals and buds of vegetables, fruit trees, trees, leaving the veins and pedicels under the leaves. The hazard period is mainly from June to July. According to the occurrence law and hazard characteristics of earthworms, we can formulate the following prevention and control tactics, larvae in spring and autumn, and adults in June and July. Specific prevention and control measures are unified later. 2, è¼è›„ è¼è›„, commonly known as "the earth dog", belongs to the Orthoptera family. Commonly seen in China, there are two kinds of North China and the East. The northern part of China is mainly distributed in the region north of the Yangtze River in China. The Dongfang wolfberry is distributed in most parts of the country. 2.1 Morphological features There are three stages in the life of cockroaches, eggs, nymphs, and adults. The body of the storks is generally narrow and long, and the length of adult worms in the North China is 39-45 mm. There are 1-2 small thorns on the inside of the hind foot; the length of the adult worms is 29-33 mm, and the inside of the hind paws is serrated. The most important feature is that its forefoot is used for excavating the foot. In order to facilitate the excavation, it has been specially designed as a stubby structure. The body color of the nymph is generally lighter than that of the adult, and the egg is oblong and milky white. 2.2 Living habits He likes to live in a humid area, has a strong phototaxis, likes to eat fragrant, sweet rotten organic matter and horse dung. The activity of the dragonfly is characterized by nocturnal activities, mostly on the surface soil or underground. The activity is most prosperous at night from 9 to 11 pm, especially in the hot, humid, hot, and rainy nights. 2.3 The law of occurrence From the completion of the egg, nymph, and adult generation, it takes three years for the North China toad, and the Oriental toad needs 1 year in the south and 2 years in the north. Adults and nymphs winter in the depths of 30-60 cm. Now, we take the North China squatter as an example to understand the law of its generation. In the spring of the year, when the average temperature reaches around 11.5 degrees Celsius, the area near the surface of the earth rushes to the surface, and a tunnel of virtual earth tunnels appears on the ground. In late June, spawning began at 15-25 cm underground, 120-160 capsules each time. The eggs hatched into nymphs in mid-July and mid-July. After the nymphs passed through 8 times of molting, they dive about the middle of October and winter. In the second year, molting continues for 3-4 times in the topsoil, then it dives for winters when it reaches 12-13 in the fall, and it emerges in the third year as adults to dive into the deep soil for winter. In this way, after three years, North China has completed one of its generational cycles. 2.4 Hazard Characteristics When the average daily temperature is 18 degrees Celsius, it is a period of vigorous activity and the most serious damage. Therefore, the annual high-risk period is from May to mid-June and September. Adult nymphs or nymphs move under the surface, bite seeds that have just germinated, or bite off the tender stems of the crop's seedlings, causing poor plant development or death. At the same time, while walking through the ground, a bulging tunnel is formed, so that the larvae break away from the soil and lose their water and die. The peasants often say that they are afraid of biting and are afraid of running. According to the law of occurrence and hazards of earthworms, prevention and treatment should be placed in the spring and autumn of each year. 3, Tiger This is the famous tiger, alias cut rootworm, silkworm, etc. This moth is its adult, belonging to the Lepidoptera noctuidae. Ground tigers have been found in more than 170 species in China and are distributed throughout the country. Among them, small ground tigers and yellow ground tigers are the most widespread and endangered. Below, we will focus on these two tigers. 3.1 Morphological features The small ground tiger has a relatively long body, approximately 41-50 millimeters. It has relatively obvious tumors on the body surface. The yellow ground tiger has a short body, approximately 33-43 millimeters. The body surface tumor is not obvious. Their adults, small tigers are dark brown body color, body shape is larger, body length 16-32 mm, wingspan 42-55 mm; yellow tiger color body is tan, smaller body, body length 14- 19 mm, wingspan 32-43 mm, on the forewings of yellow tigers, kidney-shaped spots, ring spots, or rod-shaped spots. The eggs of the ground tiger are hemispherical, 0.5 mm in diameter and milky white; the beak is auburn, shiny and 18-23 mm long. 3.2 Living habits Tigers prefer a warm and humid environment with a suitable development temperature of 13-25 degrees Celsius. Loams, clay loam, and sandy loam soils with generally loose soil texture, good grain structure, and high water retention capacity are all suitable for the occurrence of tigers. In early spring farmland and surrounding areas, if there are many weeds and more honey plants, they can provide more adequate food for adults. Sources and suitable spawning sites may have a large incidence of ground tigers. Adults of the ground tiger generally enjoy activities in the evening and at night, and have strong tropism towards black light and sweet and sour liquid. 3.3 The law of occurrence The generational laws of generations of small ground tigers and yellow ground tigers are basically the same. From the generation of eggs, larvae, cockroaches and moths, they can occur in the northeast region for 2 generations a year, in the northwest region for 2-3 generations a year, and can occur in North China. 3-4 generations, 5th generation in Central China, 6th generation in South China, annual generation algebra increased from north to south from generation to generation. Their wintering methods vary greatly from region to region. Small tigers in the Yangtze River valley can use mature larvae, cockroaches, and adults for winter; in southern regions such as Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan, there is no overwintering phenomenon that can reproduce throughout the year. In areas north of 33 degrees north latitude, it is impossible to overwinter; in the fall, adults migrate to the south for winter, and in the spring of each year, they migrate from the south. Yellow tigers are larvae wintering on the surface within 10 cm of soil. Adults of the ground tiger lay eggs on dwarf weeds below 5 cm, especially on the backs or tender stems close to the ground. Each time they spawn 800-1000 eggs, the egg period is about 11 days. A total of 6 larvae, about 35 days, larvae matured after the latent in the depth of about 5 cm deep in the soil, the flood season about 15 days. 3.4 hazard characteristics The ground tiger is a larvae that harms crops. No matter how many generations occur in a year, it is the greatest damage caused by the first generation of local production. Before the third instar, the damage was relatively small. The larvae only ate at the host's heart blade. After the damage, the larvae showed window paper-like holes or rows of holes. After the third instar, the food intake surged and the damage was greater. The larvae mostly snapped at the base of the plant stems, dragged the seedlings into the ground to continue feeding, and when one larva was numerous, it could harm 5-10 seedlings. According to the occurrence and hazard characteristics of the ground tiger, it is necessary to pay attention to prevention and control of larvae and adults at the time of prevention and control. 4, goldworm This is the golden worm, which is its adult worm, called the coleoptera, and belongs to the Coleoptera. They are mainly distributed in the northern regions of China. The most common species are Gloeophyllum sp., Chestyphus spp., and Golden leafworm. 4.1 Morphological features The mature larvae of these three golden needles are between 20-30 mm in length, golden brown on the surface, slender cylindrical, hard and smooth body wall, and yellow fine hair. The difference lies in the bifurcation at the tail of G. anatipestris; the venation of S. japonicum and S. nigrum is not conical, and the tail section is conical; in the adult of three genus, the adults of S. urnifera have the largest body size. 16-18 mm long, tan, adults of the genus Staphis, 8-9 mm long, dark brown. The adults of the adults of the brown wireworm are 9 mm long and dark brown in color. The egg of the golden worm is oval in shape and milky white; the pupa is brown in color. 4.2 Living habits Chestworms and leafworms prefer to live in low-lying wet areas and tend to rot in grassy plants that have just rotted. Globular dung beetles prefer to loosen sandy lands in drought. Adult worms of adult locusts have phototaxis, and they have nocturnal activity habits. 4.3 The law of occurrence It takes 2-3 years to complete a generation from the eggs, larvae, cockroaches, and adults. Adults or larvae usually live in the soil for winter. Adults lay eggs in the topsoil each year in March-April, and it takes 42 days for the eggs to develop into larvae. The larvae grow and develop after 1-2 years, approximately in late June of each year, at 16-20 centimeters deep on the earth's surface. In mid-September, the earthworms were eclosed into adult worms and wintered in the original dormitories. The regularity of the movement of goldworms in the soil moves up and down vertically as the surface temperature changes. The suitable temperature range is between 9-28 degrees Celsius, and the activity hazard is the most devastating at 10-17 degrees Celsius. When the local surface soil temperature is below 9 degrees Celsius or above 28 degrees Celsius, the golden needleworm will dive deep into the soil. 4.4 hazard characteristics The feeding habits of the golden worms are relatively complicated. The larvae mainly feed the seeds, the growing buds, and the roots of the seedlings in the soil, causing the host crops to wilt and die, resulting in the lack of seedlings and ridges, and even destroying the whole field. The annual spring is the main period of its damage, and it is also the best time for prevention and control.
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